Women's wheelchair basketball lineup analysis at the Tokyo 2020 paralympic games: game related statistics explaining team sport performance.

Introduction: Performance analysis through game-related statistics in wheelchair basketball (WB) has focused mainly on the study of the individual efficiency of players according to their functional classification. However, there is little evidence focusing on lineup performances (five players on court) and their composition. Thus, the objective of present study was to analyze the efficiency of the women's WB lineups used during the Tokyo 2020 Paralympic Games (PG) and to determine the variables that best discriminated the lineup performances according to the final point differential. Methods: The sample comprised 507 lineups used in the 31 games by the 10 national teams during the competition. Fifty-one different lineup types (LTs) were categorized. A discriminant analysis was carried out to compare the lineups with a positive and negative point difference according to the game type (balanced and unbalanced games). Results: It was found that LTs 16 (1-1.5-2.5-4-4.5), 47 (1-2-2.5-4-4.5) and 14 (1-1.5-2.5-4.5-4.5) had the best means of efficiency in field goals (LT 16 = 52%; LT 47 = 44% and LT = 40%), while LT 50 (1-2-3-4-4) obtained the highest mean difference in points (3.67 ± 10.67). The variables that best discriminated winner teams in balanced games were field goal efficiency (SC = 0.55), assists (SC = 0.50) and turnovers (SC = -0.41). Discussion: Field goal efficiency, assists, turnovers and steals are the game-related statistics most associated with the success of a lineup used in balanced games in WB in PG competition; this could be taken into account by coaches when deciding how to compose a given lineup in a moment of the game, to adequately select players from different functional classifications for the final squad and to choose training content related to the indicated game-related statistics, as they explain success at this competition level.

Reverse Integration in Wheelchair Basketball-A Mixed-Method Spanish Stakeholders' Perspective.

In Spain, wheelchair basketball competition is well developed and structured; however, reverse integration is not allowed. This study aimed to describe and synthesize the perceptions of Spanish wheelchair stakeholders (players, coaches, referees, and club managers). A mixed-method approach was used, utilizing an ad hoc survey questionnaire (n = 49) and three focus groups (n = 12). Quantitative and qualitative data were interpreted using a triangulation strategy, meaning that both sources of data were combined and analyzed. From the thematic content analysis, two main themes and several subthemes emerged: social context (audience attraction and economic impact, utility and logistics, and promoting inclusion) and sport context (grassroots and elite level). Some reservations at elite level were also reported. From the perspective of the stakeholders explored in this study, reverse integration appears to be well suited for implementation within the Spanish wheelchair basketball framework at all levels.

Effects of Exercise Programs on Functional Capacity and Quality of Life in People With Acquired Brain Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

OBJECTIVE: The aims of this systematic review and meta-analyses were to evaluate the effects of exercise on the functional capacity and quality of life (QoL) of people with acquired brain injury (ABI) and to analyze the influence of training variables. METHODS: Five electronic databases (MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, SportDiscus, and Web of Science) were searched until October 2021 for clinical trials or experimental studies examining the effects of exercise on the functional capacity and QoL in adults with ABI and comparing exercise interventions with non-exercise (usual care). RESULTS: Thirty-eight studies were evaluated. A total sample of 2219 people with ABI (exercise, n = 1572; control, n = 647) were included in the quantitative analysis. A greater improvement was observed in walking endurance (z score = 2.84), gait speed (z score = 2.01), QoL physical subscale (z score = 3.42), and QoL mental subscale (z score = 3.00) was observed in the experimental group than in the control group. In addition, an improvement was also observed in the experimental group in the "Timed Up and Go" Test scores and balance without differences from the control group. Significant interactions were also observed between the rehabilitation phases, type, frequency and volume of training, and overall effects. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that exercise improves functional capacity and QoL regardless of model training, highlighting the effectiveness of long-term exercise that includes short sessions with components such as strength, balance, and aerobic exercise. IMPACT: The results shown in this systematic review with meta-analysis will allow physical therapists to better understand the effects of training on people with ABI.

Benefits of physical exercise programs toward people with acquired brain injury: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Exercise has proven to be a tool improving health related quality of life in people with acquired brain injury (ABI) as part of multidisciplinary team during the subacute and chronic phase. While intervention studies and revisions have been increased in recent years, there is no consensus about the type, frequency and variables of control in exercise interventions. Besides, this collective need programs that respond to different functional levels, given the heterogeneity of people with ABI, not only because of the etiology, but also because of the severity differences over their deficits. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to summarize the evidence regarding the relationship between exercise and health related quality of life in subacute and chronic phase. METHODS: A protocol of systematic review and meta-analysis will examine the benefits of physical exercise (PE) toward people with ABI will be conducted. A comprehensive search will be conducted in the following electronic databases: MEDLINE, The Cochrane Library, CINAHL, SportDiscus, and Web of Science from inception to July 2020. Independent review authors will evaluate the title and abstract for each trial and disagreements will be solved by discussion with a third author if necessary. Standard pairwise meta-analysis, including heterogeneity analysis, subgroup analysis, and sensitivity analysis, will be performed using the Stata software. The quality evaluation of this study will be completed using the Cochrane collaboration risk of bias tool and the risk of bias assessment will be conducted by the World Health Organization grading of recommendations, assessment, development, and evaluation. The review will be reported in accordance to the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses statement. RESULTS AND CONCLUSSION: This systematic review and meta-analysis protocol will provide an overview regarding the benefits of PE on functioning, social participation and quality of life toward people with ABI. The variability of outcomes across PE from the selected studies will provide important information for future trial designs. Results of the proposed review will inform practice and the design of future clinical trials. This study will summarize all the selected trials aimed at estimating the effectiveness of applying physical activity programs to ABI users.Systematic review registration number: PROSPERO CRD42020191779.

Influence of upper-limb muscle strength on the repeated change of direction ability in international-level wheelchair basketball players.

This study aims 1) to compare repeated change of direction ability (rCODA) and bench press (BP) between low (A category, ≤2.5) and high (B category, ≥3.0) sport classes and 2) to analyse the relationships between rCODA and BP performance in a sample of wheelchair basketball (WB) players. Seventeen world-class WB players volunteered participated in this study. All the players undertook two tests: the repeated (x12) Modified Agility T-test (rMAT) to measure the rCODA and the movement velocity in a BP test. No significant differences were observed between categories in the rMAT and BP. For the total sample, BP variables with a mean propulsive velocity of 1 m·s-1 (V1LOAD) largely correlated with all the full rMAT outcomes (r>-0.625; p< 0.05). Having a better BP could be favourable to perform repeated efforts and this seems particularly relevant in fatigue conditions, and especially for the B category players.

Relationship between Sprint Capacity and Acceleration of Wrists in Wheelchair Basketball Players: Design and Reliability of a New Protocol.

The application of new technologies in wheelchair basketball (WB) is important for the advancement and improvement of athletic performance. The purposes of this study are twofold: (a) to develop a methodological design in order to assess WB players' performance, using wireless inertial measurement units (WIMU®) and a laser system (BioLaserSport® with computer vision), in a 20 m sprint test on court and (b) to assess bilateral symmetry as a performance indicator and for injury prevention purposes, the study of which in previous research is unknown. For both aims, the relation of the acceleration of the players' wrists to the speed achieved by the player in the wheelchair was explored. Ten elite WB players participated in an on-court 20 m sprint test during real training. BioLaserSport® with computer vision was used to assess the average velocity (Va) and maximum velocity (Vmax) of the WB players, and two WIMU® were used for the total acceleration (AcelT) of the players' wrists. A very high correlation was obtained in the assessment of the Va (0.97) and AcelT of both wrists (0.90 and 0.85). There was a significant relationship between the average AcelT of the dominant wrist and the Va on-court sprint velocity (p < 0.05). Two players did not show good wrist symmetry. In conclusion, a new methodological protocol was developed, making it possible to assess the bilateral symmetries in elite WB players in on-court real training and the relation between the acceleration of players' wrists and players' wheelchair speed. Coaches can use this protocol to assess performance or for injury prevention, as it shows very good reliability, with high ICC values.

Exercise During Pregnancy and Prenatal Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Background: Prenatal depression is associated with an increased risk of physical, physiological, cardiovascular, and psychological diseases for mothers and future newborns. Prenatal depression and depressive symptoms could have negative effects on the cognitive, emotional, social, and behavioral development of children. Objective: This study aimed to examine the influence of exercise during pregnancy on the prevalence of prenatal depression and depressive symptoms in the scientific literature. Data Sources: A search was carried out examining different online databases up to November 2020. Methods of Study Selection: A systematic review with random effects meta-analysis was performed. Only randomized controlled trials published in English or Spanish with pregnant populations and interventions with exercise programs carried out during pregnancy were included. The scores obtained by the tools that measured the emotional state and depressive symptoms as well as the number and percentage of depressed women of the study groups were analyzed. Tabulation, Integration, and Results: We analyzed 15 studies and found a negative association between moderate exercise during pregnancy and prenatal depression (ES = -0.36, 95% CI = -0.58, -13, I 2 = 80.2%, Pheterogeneity = 0.001). In addition, the studies also showed that women who were inactive during pregnancy had a 16% higher probability of suffering prenatal depression [RR = 0.84 (95% IC = 0.74, 0.96) I 2 = 61.9%, Pheterogeneity = 0.010]. Conclusion: Supervised exercise during pregnancy may be useful for the prevention and reduction of prenatal depression and depressive symptoms. Systematic Review Registration: Registered in PROSPERO (Registration No. CRD42020164819).

Physical Activity and Sport for Acquired Brain Injury (PASABI): A Non-Randomized Controlled Trial.

Background and objectives: Acquired brain injury (ABI) is the first cause of disability and physical activity (PA) is a key element in functional recovery and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) during the subacute and chronic phases. However, it is necessary to develop PA programs that respond to the heterogeneity and needs of this population. The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of a PA program on the HRQoL in this population. Materials and Methods: With regard to recruitment, after baseline evaluations, participants were assigned to either the intervention group (IG, n = 38) or the control group (CG, n = 35). Functional capacity, mood, quality of life and depression were measured pre- and post-intervention. The IG underwent the "Physical Activity and Sport for Acquired Brain Injury" (PASABI) program, which was designed to improve HRQoL (1-h sessions, two to four sessions/week for 18 weeks). The CG underwent a standard rehabilitation program without PA. Results: Results for the IG indicated significant differences and large effect sizes for the physical and mental dimensions of quality of life, as well as mood and functional capacity, indicating an increase in HRQoL. No significant differences were found for the CG across any variables. Conclusions: The PASABI program was feasible and beneficial for improving physiological and functionality variables in the IG. The wide range of the activities of the PASABI program allow its application to a large number of people with ABI, promoting health through PA, especially in the chronic phase.

Teachers' Psychological Needs Satisfaction and Thwarting: Can They Explain Students' Behavioural Engagement in Physical Education? A Multi-Level Analysis.

Students' engagement in Physical Education has been linked to several adaptive consequences. Even though the existing literature suggests that perceived autonomy support can predict engagement, research is scarce on how teachers' antecedents might influence this behavioural outcome. This study sought to compare the influence of teachers' basic psychological needs' satisfaction and basic psychological needs' thwarting on students' behavioural engagement and on the relationship between perceived autonomy-support and the students' behavioural engagement. The sample included 29 Physical Education teachers and 644 students who were taught by the participants teachers. Data were collected using both paper and online surveys and they were analysed using multilevel modelling techniques. The results revealed that, while teachers' autonomy satisfaction might be significant in the explanation of students' engagement (ß = 0.33, p < 0.01), it seems that needs thwarting could be a better predictor of this outcome (ß autonomy thwarting = -0.17, p < 0.01; ß competence thwarting = -0.06, p < 0.05). These findings suggest the impact of certain external pressures on teachers' practices which, in turn, might affect students' behavioural outcomes.

Relationship between Sprint Velocity and Peak Moment at Shoulder and Elbow in Elite Wheelchair Basketball Players.

Specific wheelchair basketball (WB) skills on the court have been poorly analyzed in relation to improving players' performance according to their functional class. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the associations between maximum velocity (Vmax) and peak moment (PM) in the shoulder and elbow joints in specific WB skills and to compare performance between the main two groups by functional class. Twelve male WB players, divided in categories A (functional classes 1.0-2.5) and B (class 3.0-4.5), performed a sprint test battery composed by four tests (with and without ball) and isokinetic tests. A significant relationship between PM of the internal and external shoulder rotation and the flexion and extension elbow with Vmax (p < 0.05) was found. During a 5 m backward sprint test, category B was faster in the last three meters than category A (p < 0.05) and also for the rest of the test but p = NS. Category B showed higher PM than category A for internal shoulder rotation (ISR) at 60 °/s and at 180 °/s on the dominant side (DS) (p < 0.05). In conclusion, ISR on the DS was found different for both groups and showed significant relationship with Vmax in all of the tests performed. Moreover, at higher speeds the elbow flexion and extension in DS were correlated with Vmax in all the actions with ball (passing, bouncing, and braking) reflected the importance of these joints movements in acquiring speed when performing sport specific WB skills.

Effect of a Home-based Exercise Program on Shoulder Pain and Range of Motion in Elite Wheelchair Basketball Players: A Non-Randomized Controlled Trial.

The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of a 10 week shoulder home based exercise program (SHEP) on shoulder pain (SP) and range of motion (ROM) in a group of elite wheelchair basketball (WB) players. A convenience sample of elite WB players (n = 36, 15 males and 21 females), mean age of 26 years (SD 7.6, range 15-45)) were assigned to either an exercise or a control group, according to the use of the wheelchair during daily activities. The shoulder pain index for wheelchair basketball players (SPI-WB), functional tests and ROM were measured at baseline and after a 10 week intervention. In the analysis of the SPI-WB scores, for the exercise and control groups separately, there were no significant reductions of SPI-WB scores after intervention. Related to the analysis between groups after 10 weeks of intervention, there were no significant differences in changes between the exercise and control groups (Z = 0.840, p > 0.05, r = 0.743). In this regard, there was a significant change after the intervention for shoulder extension ROM (Z = 2.81, p ≤ 0.05, r = 0.249). Shoulder Pain did not increase along the 10 weeks of the SHEP development in WB players who reported SP before the intervention program. However, in those players who started the intervention without SP, as no increase in SP was observed and players were free of injury. An exercise program could be a tool to maintain shoulder health and prevent injuries in elite WB players.

Shoulder pain assessment in elite wheelchair basketball players / Evaluación de dolor de hombro en jugadores de baloncesto en silla de ruedas de élite / Avaliação da dor no ombro em jogadores de elite de basquete em cadeira de rodas

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate shoulder pain in a sample of elite wheelchair basketball players during their preparation for a major competition. Method: Seventeen male wheelchair basketball players, between 16 and 43 years of age, were studied during their athletic preparation for a wheelchair basketball championship. The shoulder pain questionnaire, impingement tests and shoulder range of motion were evaluated during a training camp. Spearman's rank correlation coefficient was used to analyze the relationship between shoulder pain and range of motion indicating the value of the effect size. Results: Shoulder pain was evident in 52.9% of the sample and was significant and negatively correlated with range of motion, while 35.3% related to impingement tests player's reported pain. The correlation was moderate to high. Conclusions: In conclusion, the use of shoulder pain questionnaire, goniometric measurements and clinical test could be a useful approach for monitoring the shoulder injuries of wheelchair basketball players to explore the possible consequences of performing repetitive movements

Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el dolor de hombro en jugadores de baloncesto en silla de ruedas de élite durante su preparación para una competencia de alto nivel. Método: Diecisiete jugadores masculinos de baloncesto en silla de ruedas, entre 16 y 43 años, fueron evaluados con el cuestionario para el dolor de hombro en jugadores de baloncesto en silla de ruedas, las pruebas clínicas y el rango de movimiento del hombro durante la preparación para un campeonato. El coeficiente de correlación de Spearman se utilizó para analizar la correlación entre el dolor de hombro y el rango de movimiento, indicando el valor del tamaño del efecto. Resultados: El dolor de hombro fue evidente en el 52.9% de la muestra, siendo significativo. En tanto que, hubo una correlación negativa entre el dolor de hombro y el rango de movimiento, mientras que el 35.3% reportó dolor de acuerdo con las pruebas clínicas. La correlación fue de moderada a alta. Conclusiones: La utilización del cuestionario, las mediciones goniométricas y las pruebas clínicas podrían ser herramientas adecuadas para monitorear la condición del hombro en los jugadores de baloncesto en silla de ruedas, y así explorar las posibles consecuencias de los movimientos repetitivos

Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a dor no ombro em uma amostra de jogadores de elite de basquete em cadeira de rodas durante sua preparação para uma competição de alto nível. Método: Dezessete jogadores de basquete em cadeira de rodas do sexo masculino, entre 16 e 43 anos de idade, foram avaliados com o questionário de dor no ombro, testes clínicos de impacto e amplitude articular durante o treinamento para um campeonato. O coeficiente de correlação de Spearman foi utilizado para analisar a relação entre dor no ombro e amplitude de movimento que indica o valor do tamanho do efeito. Resultados: A dor no ombro foi evidente em 52,9% da amostra e foi significativa e negativamente correlacionada com a amplitude de movimento, enquanto 35,3% teve uma correlação de moderada a alta em relação à dor durante os testes de impacto. Conclusões: Em conclusão, o uso de questionário de dor no ombro, medições goniométricas e teste clínico poderia ser uma abordagem útil para monitorar as lesões no ombro de jogadores de basquete em cadeira de rodas para explorar as possíveis consequências da realização de movimentos repetitivos

The Role of Dispositional Flow's Dimensions in the Prediction of Intention to be Physically Active in Adolescents / El rol de las dimensiones del flow disposicional en la predicción de la intención de ser físicamente activo en adolescentes

Abstract Within the flow theory framework, the aims of this study were a) to analyze differences in flow dimensions and future physical activity (FPA) practice intentions according to the level of current PA and b) to analyze the predictive role of flow dimensions for FPA practice intentions. The sample was composed by 1076 physical education students and segmented according to the current PA levels. Subjects reporting high levels of PA scored higher in all of the flow dimensions. Stepwise regression analyses indicated that autotelic experience was associated with FPA practice intentions among all of the participants. Furthermore, in the low-activity group the balance between challenge and skills also emerged as a predictor, while in the high-activity group both the sense of control and the perception of clear objectives resulted significant in the explanation of FPA practice intentions. The findings suggest that the implementation of different strategies to enhance dispositional flow in physical education settings may have the potential to increase FPA intentions, especially those oriented to enhance autotelic experience.

Resumen Enmarcado en la teoría del flow, este estudio pretende a) comprobar las diferencias en las dimensiones del flow disposicional y en la intención futura de realizar actividad física (IF) según el nivel de AF y b) estudiar el papel predictivo de dichas dimensiones sobre la IF. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 1076 estudiantes de educación física y se segmentó según el nivel actual de AF. Los sujetos que mostraron mayores niveles de AF presentaron valores más elevados en todas las dimensiones. Los análisis de regresión por pasos indicaron que la experiencia autotélica se asoció con IF en todos los participantes. Además, en el grupo de baja actividad el equilibrio percibido entre el reto y la habilidad emergió como predictor mientras que en el grupo de alta actividad, tanto la sensación de control como la percepción de objetivos claros resultaron significativos en la explicación de la IF. Los resultados sugieren que la implementación en clases de EF de diferentes estrategias para mejorar la disposición a experimentar el flow, puede aumentar la IF.

Wheelchair basketball: influence of shoulder pain in sport skills / Baloncesto en silla de ruedas: influencia del dolor del hombro en gestos deportivos

Shoulder injuries are a common problem among wheelchair basketball players (WB). The purpose of this study was to detect the influence of shoulder pain (SP) in WB sport skills. Fifty-one WB players aged from 15 to 42 (21 females, 23, 86±1, 38 years and 30 males, 23, 90±1, 46 years) were evaluated. Shoulder Pain Index for Wheelchair Basketball (SPI-WB) was used to determine SP in relation to specific WB skills. Gender and age were compared using T-test and One Factor ANOVA, respectively. The level of significance was set at p≤0, 05. 27, 5% of the sample reported actual SP. Statistical analysis revealed a main effect for gender regarding SP during shooting skills, especially for females. There were no significant differences according to rebounding/one-handed long passes and other sport situations. In conclusion, SP could affect the specific activities of WB according to gender, especially during shooting in females, so ways to promote shoulder health must be develop (AU)

Las lesiones del hombro son un problema común entre los jugadores de baloncesto en silla de ruedas (BSR). El objetivo de este estudio fue detectar la influencia del dolor de hombro (DH) en las habilidades deportivas propias del BSR. 51 jugadores de BSR entre 15 y 42 (21 mujeres, 23, 86 ± 1, 38 años y 30 hombres, 23, 90 ± 1, 46 años) fueron evaluados. El Cuestionario del Dolor de Hombro en BSR se utilizó para determinar el DH en relación a las habilidades específicas del BSR. El género y la edad se compararon mediante la prueba t y ANOVA de un factor, respectivamente. El nivel de significación se estableció en p≤0, 05. 27, 5% de la muestra informó SP en el momento del estudio. Los resultados muestran diferencias significativas de acuerdo al género en relación con DH en habilidades como el tiro, especialmente para las mujeres. No hubo diferencias significativas en función de realizar acciones de rebote y pases largos/una sola mano y otras situaciones propias del BSR. En conclusión, SP podría afectar a las actividades específicas del BSR en función del género, especialmente en las mujeres, por lo que se debe promover la salud del hombro (AU)

Basketball game related statistics that discriminate between players with intellectual impairment and able-bodied players / Estadísticas de juego en baloncesto que discriminan entre jugadores con y sin discapacidad intelectual

The development of evidence-based eligibility systems in basketball for athletes with intellectual impairment (II) requires investigating the influence of II on performance. Due to this, the present study aimed to compare game-related statistics from II and able-bodied (AB) competitions. The World Men II-Basketball Championship 2013 (n=13 games and 63 players) and the Spanish Men AB-Basketball Championships 2014 under 16- years-old (n=10 games and 95 players) and under 18-years-old (n=18 games and 175 players) were analyzed. Team and individual statistics were normalized to 100 ball possessions and to 40 minutes played respectively. One-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey tests were conducted to compare II and AB-teams. Also, a discriminant analysis was employed to identify which variables discriminated them best. The Kruskal-Wallis and U Mann-Whitney tests were applied to compare the II and AB individual game-related statistics. II-teams played more ball possessions per game (p<0.05) and the variables which best discriminated II and AB-teams were: 2-point unsuccessful shots │SC=-0.384│, 3-point successful │SC=0.456│, 3-point unsuccessful │SC=-0.399│, free-throws successful │SC=0.319│ and fouls │SC=0.454│. In all playing positions II-players presented more 2-point unsuccessful and lower shooting percentage in all kind of shots. II-guards attempted more field shots and made more turnovers than their peers, showing an unbalanced roles´distribution compared with AB-players. These results confirmed that II and AB-players perform basketball in different ways (AU)

El desarrollo de sistemas de elegibilidad basados en la evidencia en baloncesto para deportistas con discapacidad intelectual (DI) requiere investigar la influencia de la DI en el rendimiento. Debido a ello, el presente estudio tuvo por objetivo comparar las estadísticas de juego en competiciones para personas con DI y sin discapacidad (SD). El Campeonato del Mundo de Baloncesto-DI de 2013 (n=13 partidos y 63 jugadores) y los Campeonatos de España de Baloncesto-SD de 2014 sub-16 (n=10 partidos y 95 jugadores) y sub-18 (n=18 partidos y 175 jugadores) fueron analizados. Las estadísticas de equipo e individuales fueron normalizadas a 100 posesiones de balón y 40 minutos de juego respectivamente. Los test one-way ANOVA y post hoc Tukey fueron utilizados para comparar los equipos con DI y SD. También se realizó un análisis discriminante para identificar qué variables los discriminaban mejor. Los test Kruskal-Wallis y U Mann-Whitney fueron empleados para comparar las estadísticas individuales de los jugadores con DI y SD. Los equipos con DI jugaron más posesiones de balón por partido (p <0.05) y las variables que más discriminaron los equipos con DI y SD fueron: lanzamientos de 2 puntos fallados │SC=-0.384│, 3 puntos encestados │SC=0.456│, 3 puntos fallados │SC=-0.399│, tiros libres encestados │SC=0.319│ y faltas │SC=0.454│. En todas las posiciones de juego los jugadores con DI presentaron más fallos de 2 puntos y menor porcentaje de tiro en todo tipo de lanzamientos. Los bases con DI intentaron más lanzamientos de campo y cometieron más pérdidas que sus compañeros, mostrando un desequilibrio entre la distribución de roles comparado con los jugadores SD. Estos resultados confirmaron que los jugadores con DI y SD rinden de manera diferente en baloncesto (AU)

Impact of intellectual impairment on basketball performance through coaches and referees´ opinion: a qualitative approach / Impacto de la discapacidad intelectual en el rendimiento del baloncesto a través de la opinión de entrenadores y árbitros: un enfoque cualitativo

Basketball for players with intellectual impairment (II) is not included as a Paralympic modality due to the lack of evidence based eligibility systems to ensure that only athletes with significant limitations performing basketball participate in II-competitions. Eligibility systems in II-basketball are under development but is necessary to investigate the impact of the impairment in basketball. The aim of this study was to know the point of view of II- coaches and referees about the limitations of their players and the components that should be considered as eligibility criteria. Qualitative method was used in our research. For that 5 open questions were elaborated based on the components of the game identified in the literature. 47 coaches and 6 referees were interviewed through an online survey. The findings of this study indicated that tactical aspects was the component in which II-players present more limitations and should discriminate between eligible and no eligible players followed by technical skills, emotional aspects and cognitive aspects. Physical and motor skills were not considered as limitation but specific positions and roles during the game could be influenced by these components. These results as well as other similar studies that show the opinion of coaches and referees should be taken into consideration to orientate future research to develop evidence-base eligibility systems in this sport (AU)

: El baloncesto para personas con discapacidad intelectual (DI) no está incluido como modalidad paralímpica debido a la falta de sistemas de elegibilidad basados en la evidencia que aseguren que, sólo deportistas con limitaciones significativas para practicar baloncesto participan en competiciones específicas. Los sistemas de elegibilidad en jugadores DI están en desarrollo pero es necesario investigar sobre el impacto de la discapacidad en el baloncesto. El objetivo del presente estudio fue conocer, desde el punto de vista de los entrenadores y árbitros, las limitaciones que sus jugadores DI presentan y aquellos componentes que deberían de ser considerados como criterios de elegibilidad. La metodología utilizada en nuestro estudio es cualitativa. Para ello, cinco preguntas abiertas fueron elaboradas basadas en los componentes del juego identificados en la literatura. 47 entrenadores y 6 árbitros fueron entrevistados a través de una encuesta on-line. Los resultados muestran que los aspectos tácticos fueron aquellos en los que los jugadores presentaban mayores limitaciones y permitían discriminar que un jugador fuese elegible o no; seguido de las habilidades técnicas, aspectos emocionales y aspectos cognitivos. Las habilidades físicas y motoras no se consideraron como una limitación pero podrían estar influenciados por las posiciones y roles específicos durante el juego. Estos resultados, así como otros estudios similares que muestren la opinión de los entrenadores y árbitros, deberían de ser tenidos en cuenta para orientar futuras investigaciones con el fin de desarrollar sistemas de elegibilidad basados en la evidencia de este deporte (AU)

Sprint Performance of Elite Wheelchair Basketball Players: Applicability of a Laser System for Describing the Velocity Curve.

The purpose of this study was to develop a methodology to accurately analyze sprint performance of elite wheelchair basketball (WB) players in their own training context using a laser system and to analyze the velocity curve performed by the players regarding their functional classification and their playing position. Twelve WB players, from the Spanish men's national team, took part in an oncourt 20-m-sprint test. BioLaserSport® was used to obtain time, mean velocities (Vm), maximum velocities (Vmax), and distances at 90%, 95%, and 98% of their Vmax. Vm and Vmax reached high values in Classes II and III and in the guard playing position. The protocol developed with the laser system makes it possible to obtain a precise velocity curve in short sprints and allows easy analysis of decisive kinematic performance variables in WB players, showing immediate feedback to coaches and players. The normalized data allow an interpretation of how much, where, and when Vmax occurs along the test.

Rendimiento del jugador de baloncesto en silla de ruedas según la estadística de juego / Desempenho do jogador de basquetebol na cadeira de rodas por estatísticas de jogo / Wheelchair basketball player performance by game statistics

El análisis del rendimiento deportivo del jugador de baloncesto en silla de ruedas (BSR) ha sido un creciente objeto estudio en los últimos años. Sin embargo, escasos estudios han incidido en las estadísticas de juego. Por ello, el presente estudio tiene por objeto determinar un referente de rendimiento máximo para cada clase funcional en base a cada variable de la estadística de juego propia de la competición. Para ello, se obtuvieron las estadísticas de juego oficiales de los 32 partidos disputados por los 8 mejores equipos de España en la fase por el título de la División de Honor de BSR (temporada 2013/2014), recabando información por jugador y partido; en total fueron estudiados 58 jugadores correspondientes a la clases 1 (n=11), 2 (n=12), 3 (n=12) y 4 (n=23). En relación a los porcentajes de tiro, el de 2p sitúa entre el 60,8-67,6% de acierto, realizando más lanzamientos a mayor clase funcional. Para los lanzamientos de 3p fue de 41,2-42,9% (sólo clases 2,3 y 4). Para los lanzamientos de 1p fue de 66,7%-89,5%) siendo el jugador clase 4 el porcentaje mayor y más número de lanzamientos realizados. Los datos máximos obtenidos se registraron en los jugadores de clase 4, con más rebotes ofensivos (4,12) y defensivos (9,99) registrados, así como faltas recibidas (9,95), asistencias (10,8), robos (1,99) y puntos anotados (29,4). Este estudio ha permitido la caracterización del rendimiento en este deporte, destacando la importancia contrastar el rendimiento de cada jugador con los de su misma clase funcional según la estadística de juego (AU)

A análise do desempenho esportivo jogador de basquete em cadeira de rodas (BSR) tem sido um objeto de estudo crescente nos últimos anos. Entretanto, poucos estudos têm-se centrado nas estatísticas do jogo. Portanto, o presente estudo é determinar um valor de referência para o desempenho máximo para cada classe funcional com base em cada estatística próprio jogo vari- ável da competição. Para este fim, as estatísticas oficiais jogar 32 partidas para o top 8 equipas na fase de Espanha para o título da Divisão de Honra da BSR (2013/2014 temporada) foram obtidos mediante a obtenção de informações por jogador e caça; Foram estudados 58 jogadores totais correspondentes aos ramos 1 (n = 11), 2 (n = 12), 3 (n = 12) e 4 (n = 23). Em relação às percentagens de disparo, o ponto 2 é a precisão entre 60,8-67,6%, tornando mais lotes para a classe funcional maior. 3p para lançamentos foi 41,2-42,9% (apenas as classes de 2,3 e 4). 1p de lançamentos foi de 66,7% -89,5%) Classe 4 jogador com a percentagem eo número de lances feitos mais alto. Os dados máximos obtidos foram registrados na classe 4 jogadores com mais rebotes ofensivos (4.12) e defensiva (9,99) registrado e faltas recebidas (9,95), assistências (10,8), rouba (1,99) e pontos marcados (29,4). Este estudo permitiu a caracterização do desempenho no esporte, salientando a importância de comparar o desempenho de cada jogador com os da mesma classe funcional como estatísticas de jogo (AU)

The analysis of the sport performance in wheelchair basketball (WB) has been a growing topic in recent years. However, few studies have focused on the game statistics. Therefore, the present study is to determine a reference for maximum performance for each functional class based on each variable from game related statistics. To this end, official statistics from 32 matches for the top 8 teams in the title league at the Spanish Honour Division (season 2013/2014) were obtained with information per player and game; a total of 58 players corresponding to the classes 1 (n = 11), 2 (n = 12), 3 (n = 12) and 4 (n = 23) were studied. Regarding the shooting percentages, the 2-points was 60.8 to 67.6% accuracy, making more shots in higher functional classes. 3-points was 41.2 to 42.9% (only classes 2,3 and 4). 1-point free throw was 66.7% -89.5%, with class 4 player with the highest percentage and number of throws made. The maximum data obtained were recorded in class 4 players with more offensive rebounds (4.12) and defensive (9.99) registered and fouls received (9.95), assists (10.8), steals ( 1.99) and points scored (29.4). This study has allowed the characterization of performance in WB, stressing the importance in comparing the performance of each player with those of the same functional class per game statistics (AU)

Performance variability in basketball players with intellectual impairment: Ankara World Championships 2013 analysis / Análisis de la variabilidad del rendimeinto en jugadores de baloncesto con discapacidad intelectual. Campeonato del mundo Ankara 2013

The aim of the present study was to identify performance variability in basketball for players with intellectual impairment (II) and to compare it with able-bodied (AB) players. Official game statistics from the 13 games played in the Ankara World II-Basketball Championships (2013) were gathered and descriptive data, variability coefficient (VC), maximum scores and its Z-score were calculated from those players who participated at least 10 minutes per game (N = 46; guards = 10, forwards = 21, centers = 15). Results indicated higher performance variability and lower efficiency in shooting percentages and turnovers in II-players comparing with studies in ABplayers. Differences found between game positions indicated similar roles of guards, forwards and centers in II and AB-players. These findings are relevant to understand how II impact on basketball performance, which is a necessary step to develop specific eligibility systems in II-basketball according to the guidelines of the International Paralympic Committee

El objetivo del presente estudio fue identificar la variabilidad en el rendimiento en baloncesto para personas con discapacidad intelectual (DI) y compararlo con jugadores sin DI. Las estadísticas oficiales de juego de los 13 partidos disputados en los Campeonatos del Mundo de Baloncesto para personas con DI de Ankara (2013) fueron recogidas y se analizaron las variables descriptivas, los coeficientes de variabilidad (CV), indicadores máximos y su correspondiente valor-Z en aquellos jugadores que participaron al menos 10 minutos por partido (N= 46; bases = 10, aleros = 21 y pívots = 15). Los resultados indicaron una mayor variabilidad en el rendimiento y una menor eficacia en el porcentaje de tiro y en las pérdidas de balón en jugadores con DI comparado con estudios en jugadores sin DI. Las diferencias encontradas entre las posiciones de juego indicaron roles similares de los bases, aleros y pívots en jugadores con y sin DI. Estos descubrimientos son relevantes para entender el impacto de la DI sobre el rendimiento en baloncesto, lo cual es un paso necesario para el desarrollo de sistemas específicos de elegibilidad en baloncesto para personas con DI de acuerdo a las directrices del Comité Paralímpico Internacional

Study of reaction time to visual stimuli in athletes with and without a hearing impairment.

This study analyzes the differences in manual reaction time (RT) to visual stimuli in two samples of physically active persons: a group of athletes without hearing impairment (n = 79; M age = 22.6 yr., SD = 3.7) and a group of athletes with hearing impairment (n = 44, M age = 25.6 yr., SD = 5.0). Reaction time (RT) was measured and then differences between both groups were assessed by sex, type of sport (individual vs team sports), and competition level. RT to visual stimuli was significantly shorter for athletes with hearing impairment than for those without hearing impairment, with a significant sex difference (shorter RT for males), but no differences regarding type of sport or competition level. Suggestions for further research and sport applications are provided.